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**igokcek** · 13 May 2017, 12:56

CARBON 60, Fullerene C60
Buckminsterfullerene (C60) is a molecule with unusual properties that was discovered in the late 1980s and is being investigated for cancer treatments, skin care carbon nanotubes, and other applications. Several laboratory studies suggest that the water-soluble form of C60 may have neuroprotective properties and the non-hydrated forms dissolved in olive oil might extend lifespan. However, these claims have never been tested in humans. Similarly, the safety of C60 and its derivatives have never been tested in humans.

About Fullerene C60
Buckminsterfullerene, also known as fullerene C₆₀, is a sphere-like molecule made entirely of carbon atoms. Fullerene C₆₀ is composed of 60 carbon atoms arranged in hexagon formations that combine to form a hollow spherical structure, giving it the nickname buckyball. C₆₀ molecules often aggregate into large particles. As a substance, it is highly stable but also insoluble in water, unless it is in its hydrated form [1]. Hydrated buckyballs have a thick, stable shell that is composed of water molecules and there and a small amount of uncertain evidence suggests this shell reacts in biological reactions in place of C₆₀ molecules. C₆₀is frequently used in nanotechological applications, due to its high heat resistance and electrical superconductivity. Carbon nanotubes are used to construct paper batteries, electric cables, speakers, electronics, adhesives and a growing list of other applications. Did You Know? Fullerenes have been detected in outer space and some astronomers speculate that fullerene molecules may have seeded life on earth. C₆₀ is one of the largest objects that exhibits wave-particle duality.

Sources of Fullerene C60
Buckminsterfullerene is naturally found in soot and ash. Many skin creams combine fullerene C₆₀ with olive oil as part of their formula. Fullerene C₆₀ is not available as a food supplement or drug. No formulations of C₆₀ have been tested for use in humans other than topical (skin) application. The safety and biological activity of C₆₀ varies depending on the many ways through which it is prepared for use in studies. In some studies, scientists dissolve C₆₀ in oil for over 2 weeks then filter out aggregates. Other studies replace oil with solvents that are soluble for lipids and fats. Some studies combine C₆₀ with hydrogen ions in order to increase its solubility in water. C₆₀ often acts as an antioxidant but it can also be toxic depending on how it is prepared for the laboratory experiment [1]. C₆₀becomes particularly toxic after exposure to light.

Can It Prevent Dementia?
Possibly, based on very limited animal and test tube experiments.
Synthetic derivatives of C₆₀, known as carboxyfullerenes, were found to protect brain cells in the cortex against damage in rodent and human cell-culture models of ALS and Parkinsons disease [7]. Another study found that the neuroprotective properties possessed by these water-soluble carboxyfullerenes depend on activity that mimics superoxide dismutase (SOD) [6]. SOD mimetic activity is caused by the presence of an enzyme named superoxide dismutase (SOD), which is not present in unhydrated C₆₀ molecules. In contrast to these synthetic derivatives of C₆₀, unhydrated C₆₀ dissolved in olive oil has no published scientific studies to suggest that it may protect against dementia or brain aging.

Can It Benefit Someone with Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Unknown, given there is no evidence.
No human or animal studies have been conducted to determine whether C₆₀treatments may benefit patients with dementia or mild cognitive impairment.
Can It Slow Aging or Delay Death?
Possibly, based on very limited evidence.
A few laboratory studies suggest that C₆₀ or its derivatives could slow aging, but the evidence is limited to a handful of rodent and cell culture studies that use different formulations with varying safety, efficacy and speculative mechanisms of action. One study found that administering 1.7 mg doses of unhydrated C₆₀ per 1 kilogram of body weight doubled lifespan for a small group of rats [5]. While promising, the study needs to be replicated and some problems with the study were noted at retractionwatch.com. The fullerenes for this study were derived from a chemical company, diluted in olive oil for 2 weeks, then filtered and kept at room temperature in the dark prior to initiating research. The unhydrated C₆₀ had been dissolved in olive oil and is quite distinct from the water-soluble carboxyfullerenes that have been investigated by Laura Dugan laboratory at the University of California, San Diego. A different type of C₆₀ that had been hydrated was found to extend lifespan by 11% for both healthy and afflicted mice, who were all middle-aged or older [4]. To our knowledge, no studies have tested C₆₀ in either formulation in humans.

How Fullerene C60 Might Benefit the Brain
It is unclear whether C₆₀ benefits or protects the brain. A Russian laboratory has found that hydrated C₆₀ can protect against the buildup of beta-amyloid proteins, which are associated with Alzheimer's disease [2]. Another study reports C₆₀ affects the brains neurotransmitter levels after it is injected into brain ventricles of mice [3]. The second study concluded that C₆₀ does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, suggesting that oral treatment would not affect the brain. However, there have also been several rodent studies that suggest that hydrated C₆₀ derivatives are neuroprotective and may enter into the brain through the bloodstream [4]. All of these studies were done in rodents so, even without these discrepancies, the effects of C₆₀ in humans remain untested.

Is It Safe When Used As Directed?
Unknown, given there is no evidence.
NOTE: This is not a comprehensive safety evaluation or complete list of potentially harmful drug interactions. It is important to discuss safety issues with your physician before taking any new supplement or medication. No scientific studies have examined the safety of C₆₀ in olive oil in humans. For hydrated C₆₀, we were able to find only one clinical study reporting on acute injection of C₆₀, with no discussion of dose or side effects [8]. It is not known whether C₆₀ has direct toxic effects or whether it may interact with other medications to cause adverse side effects or worsen existing medical conditions. Therefore, the safety of C₆₀ to humans is unknown.
In laboratory experiments on animalls, the evidence is mixed. Some studies report risks of oxidative damage and toxicity, particularly when cells were exposed to the photoexcited form of fullerene [1,9,10]. The photoexcited form of fullerene, C₆₀(OH)₁₈, damaged cell membranes in rat cells by binding and changing the chemical structure of lipids and proteins within the membranes [10). These studies were examining the safety of accidental environmental exposure to C₆₀ rather than possible effects from its use as a medical treatment. Other studies report antioxidant effects without any toxicity risks upon C₆₀ ingestion [1,4,5,11]. In one experiment, rats were fed daily doses of C₆₀ that ranged between 1 and 1000mg. The rats were found to have larger livers and spleens, but no damage from toxicity was observed [11]. However, humans and rats often respond differently to drugs and these animal studies have yet to be translated into human research.

If You Are Considering Taking Fullerene C60
C₆₀ has never been studied in humans. The safety is completely unknown and the evidence for potential benefits is restricted to a handful of unreplicated studies in rodents. C₆₀is not legally approved in the United States for human consumption.

What's the Future?
No current clinical trials are being conducted to examine fullerene C₆₀s capacity to increase lifespan or protect against neurodegenerative diseases. Fullerene C₆₀ is instead being examined for applications in nanotechnology. One ongoing study compares carbon nanotube x-ray imaging against conventional mammography as a method for diagnosing breast cancer (NCT01773850). Carbon nanotubes are also currently being tested as a means to diagnose lung cancer through breath analysis (NCT01420588). More information about these and other trials can be found at clinicaltrials.gov and at clinicaltrialsregister.eu.

Resources For Additional Information
There are currently very few resources available online about using C₆₀ fullerene as a health treatment.Retrowatch.com provides information about the potential issues present in the single study that suggests that buckyballs may extend animal lifespan. More resources will be provided as more health information about fullerene becomes known.

References
1. Injac, R., M. Prijatelj, and B. Strukelj, Fullerenol nanoparticles: toxicity and antioxidant activity. Methods Mol Biol, 2013. 1028: p. 75-100.
2. Podol'skii, I., Z.A. Poddubnaia, and O.V. Godukhin, Fullerenes C60, antiamyloid action, the brain and cognitive processes. Biofizika, 2010. 55(1): p. 88-94.
3. Yamada, T., et al., Effects intracerebral microinjection and intraperitoneal injection of [60]fullerene on brain functions differ in rats. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2008. 8(8): p. 3973-80.
4. Quick, K.L., et al., A carboxyfullerene SOD mimetic improves cognition and extends the lifespan of mice.Neurobiol Aging, 2008. 29(1): p. 117-28.
5. Baati, T., et al., The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of [60]fullerene.Biomaterials, 2012. 33(19): p. 4936-46.
6. Ali, S.S., J.I. Hardt, and L.L. Dugan, SOD activity of carboxyfullerenes predicts their neuroprotective efficacy: a structure-activity study. Nanomedicine, 2008. 4(4): p. 283-94.
7. Dugan, L.L., et al., Fullerene-based antioxidants and neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2001. 7(3): p. 243-246.
8. Novikov, K.N., et al., Changes in chemiluminescence of whole blood of COPD patients treated with Hypoxen and effects of C(6)(0) fullerenes on blood chemiluminescence. Med Sci Monit, 2012. 18(2): p. BR76-83.
9. Dal Forno, G.O., et al., Intraperitoneal exposure to nano/microparticles of fullerene (C(6)(0)) increases acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Biomed Res Int, 2013. 2013: p. 623789.
10. Kamat, J.P., et al., Reactive oxygen species mediated membrane damage induced by fullerene derivatives and its possible biological implications. Toxicology, 2000. 155(1-3): p. 55-61.
11. Takahashi, M., et al., Sub-acute oral toxicity study with fullerene C60 in rats. J Toxicol Sci, 2012. 37(2): p. 353-61.

**igokcek** · 13 May 2017, 12:57

carbon-60 molecular
Using some of the world's most advanced photoelectron spectroscopy and computing techniques, Berkeley Lab scientists gained a more precise understanding of the electrical properties of fullerenes, those famous soccer-ball-shaped molecules comprised of 60 carbon atoms.The team, which also includes researchers from Stanford University and Europe, obtained the first experimental measurement of the range of energies possessed by electrons, as a function of their momenta, in a single layer of carbon-60 molecules doped with additional electrons, a step that transforms the molecule into one of the best known superconductors, meaning it conducts electricity without resistance below a certain critical temperature.
As expected in a molecular solid, they found that the electrons' energy-momentum range, also called the bandwidth, is quite narrow. But they were surprised by how narrow. And when they compared their measurements to theoretical calculations, they determined why. "We knew the bandwidth was small. But our research reveals, experimentally, that it's even smaller than anticipated," says Steven Louie, a theoretical physicist in Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and a professor of physics at the University of California at Berkeley. "And we determined that the additional 50-percent reduction is consistent with the effects of electron-phonon interactions." Their work, reported in the April 11, 2003, issue of Science, demonstrates how the electronic properties of fullerenes and similar molecules are affected by interactions between electrons and phonons particles associated with atomic vibrations in a solid. This, in turn, will inform further research on other fullerene properties such as heat capacity and electron transport, possibly laying the groundwork for real-world applications.
A new form of carbon
Discovered in 1985 during experiments on carbon clusters using atomic beams, carbon-60 was named buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball, because it resembles American architect R. Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes. Since then scientists have engineered giant fullerenes with as many as 960 carbon atoms, "buckybabies" with 32 atoms, and elongated structures such as nanotubes. The molecules join diamond and graphite as the only forms of pure carbon, and have been heralded as stars in the burgeoning field of nanoscience, with potential uses as lubricants, drug delivery agents, and superconductors. In particular, researchers remain intrigued over the latter: when a carbon-60 solid is doped by inserting alkali atoms such as potassium into empty spaces within its crystal structure, it becomes superconducting at the relatively high temperature of about 40 degrees Kelvin. Because most conventional superconductors require temperatures at or below 20 degrees Kelvin, doped fullerenes offer a potentially easier way to incorporate zero resistance into electrical systems. Only the high-Tc cuprate superconductors have higher transition temperatures.
More research is needed however. Topping the to-do list is a precise measurement of the molecular solid's bandwidth. In other words, what is the energy-momentum range of the electrons, from the most tightly bound to the least tightly bound, in a given band? And what factors dictate this range? Based on theoretical calculations (and some indirect experimental evidence) conducted in the 18 years since its discovery, scientists know doped fullerene solids have a narrow bandwidth, and they know this is most likely due to interactions between electrons and phonons. But these theories lacked definitive experimental support.
To obtain this support, the team used Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source (ALS), a synchrotron that emits light in the x-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is one billion times brighter than the sun. They subjected a doped carbon-60 monolayer to these extremely bright x-rays, which bombard the sample with photons. Electrons in the fullerene layer absorb the photons, gain energy, and bounce out of the layer. A detector then records the electrons' kinetic energies, which indicates the energy level they occupied in the layer. After recording a range of these electrons, the team produced the first photoemission measurement of a doped fullerene layer's bandwidth and band dispersion, which is the relationship between electron energy versus momentum.
Like running through water
This experimental bandwidth mirrored bandwidths derived from theoretical calculations, except for one important detail. It was 50 percent narrower. This means the electrons observed in the sample possessed less kinetic energy for a given momentum than expected. Or, put another way, they appeared to have more mass. The Berkeley Lab team knew this was an illusion; the electrons dont possess more mass. Rather, the ALS data captured an interaction between electrons and some other particle that dulls the electrons energy-momentum and makes them appear heavier much like a person trying to run in water will accelerate much more slowly, and seem to have more mass, than when they run on land.
But what acts like water in this case? What particle impairs the electrons energy-momentum? Earlier research pointed to one of two culprits: either electron-electron interactions, or electron-phonon interactions. The former phenomenon is easily explained. Because they repel one another, electron interactions make electrons appear heavier.
Phonons, however, are more difficult to grasp. Just as light can behave like a wave, as in an electromagnetic wave, or like a particle, as in a photon, so too can atomic vibrations that reverberate through a crystal structure. In classical physics, vibrations behave like sound waves, but at the quantum level, vibrations become particles called phonons. Theyre created and absorbed as electrons push through the crystal lattice and distort the position of surrounding atoms. These distortions make the electrons appear heavier for a given momentum, the same way a person moves slower and feels heavier when attempting to run through water.
To determine if this phenomenon is responsible for the ALS experiments heavier-than-expected electrons, and narrowed bandwidth, the team turned to quantum mechanical calculations conducted at Berkeley Labs National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). There, they calculated the bandwidth and band dispersion of the carbon-60 monolayer using purely theoretical principles. They then compared the theoretical bandwidth, with and without electron-phonon effects, to the ALS-produced bandwidth, and got a nearly perfect match.It all falls together, Louie says. This experiment shows, at least for a monolayer on top of a metallic surface, that we dont need additional phenomena like electron-electron interactions to explain the bandwidth. It also provides a quantitative understanding of the importance of electron-phonon interactions.
The research is described in the Science paper, Band Structure and Fermi Surface of Electron-Doped C60 Monolayers. In addition to Louie, Berkeley Lab researchers Wan Li Yang and Zahid Hussain of the ALS, and Hyoungjoon Choi and Marvin Cohen of the Materials Sciences Division, contributed to the research. Other collaborators include Z. -X. Shen from Stanford University, and scientists from Frances Paris-Sud University, Italys Trieste Synchrotron, and Italys University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore.
Additional information "Band structure and Fermi surface of electron-doped C60 monolayers," by W. L. Yang, V. Brouet, X. J. Zhou, Hyoung J. Choi, Steven G. Louie, Marvin L. Cohen, S. A. Kellar, P. V. Bogdanov, A. Lanzara, A. Goldoni, F. Parmigiani, Z. Hussain, and Z.-X. Shen, Science, 11 April 2003

**igokcek** · 13 May 2017, 12:57

How Fullerene C60 Might Benefit the Brain
It is unclear whether C₆₀ benefits or protects the brain. A Russian laboratory has found that hydrated C₆₀ can protect against the buildup of beta-amyloid proteins, which are associated with Alzheimer's disease [2]. Another study reports C₆₀ affects the brain's neurotransmitter levels after it is injected into brain ventricles of mice [3]. The second study concluded that C₆₀ does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, suggesting that oral treatment would not affect the brain. However, there have also been several rodent studies that suggest that hydrated C₆₀ derivatives are neuroprotective and may enter into the brain through the bloodstream [4]. All of these studies were done in rodents so, even without these discrepancies, the effects of C₆₀ in humans remain untested.

Is It Safe When Used As Directed?
Unknown, given there is no evidence.
NOTE: This is not a comprehensive safety evaluation or complete list of potentially harmful drug interactions. It is important to discuss safety issues with your physician before taking any new supplement or medication. No scientific studies have examined the safety of C₆₀ in olive oil in humans. For hydrated C₆₀, we were able to find only one clinical study reporting on acute injection of C₆₀, with no discussion of dose or side effects [8]. It is not known whether C₆₀ has direct toxic effects or whether it may interact with other medications to cause adverse side effects or worsen existing medical conditions. Therefore, the safety of C₆₀ to humans is unknown.
In laboratory experiments on animalls, the evidence is mixed. Some studies report risks of oxidative damage and toxicity, particularly when cells were exposed to the photoexcited form of fullerene [1,9,10]. The photoexcited form of fullerene, C₆₀(OH)₁₈, damaged cell membranes in rat cells by binding and changing the chemical structure of lipids and proteins within the membranes [10). These studies were examining the safety of accidental environmental exposure to C₆₀ rather than possible effects from its use as a medical treatment. Other studies report antioxidant effects without any toxicity risks upon C₆₀ ingestion [1,4,5,11]. In one experiment, rats were fed daily doses of C₆₀ that ranged between 1 and 1000mg. The rats were found to have larger livers and spleens, but no damage from toxicity was observed [11]. However, humans and rats often respond differently to drugs and these animal studies have yet to be translated into human research.

If You Are Considering Taking Fullerene C60
C₆₀ has never been studied in humans. The safety is completely unknown and the evidence for potential benefits is restricted to a handful of unreplicated studies in rodents. C₆₀is not legally approved in the United States for human consumption.

What's the Future?
No current clinical trials are being conducted to examine fullerene C_60's capacity to increase lifespan or protect against neurodegenerative diseases. Fullerene C₆₀ is instead being examined for applications in nanotechnology. One ongoing study compares carbon nanotube x-ray imaging against conventional mammography as a method for diagnosing breast cancer (NCT01773850). Carbon nanotubes are also currently being tested as a means to diagnose lung cancer through breath analysis (NCT01420588). More information about these and other trials can be found at clinicaltrials.gov and at clinicaltrialsregister.eu.

References
1. Injac, R., M. Prijatelj, and B. Strukelj, Fullerenol nanoparticles: toxicity and antioxidant activity. Methods Mol Biol, 2013. 1028: p. 75-100.
2. Podol'skii, I., Z.A. Poddubnaia, and O.V. Godukhin, Fullerenes C60, antiamyloid action, the brain and cognitive processes. Biofizika, 2010. 55(1): p. 88-94.
3. Yamada, T., et al., Effects intracerebral microinjection and intraperitoneal injection of [60]fullerene on brain functions differ in rats. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2008. 8(8): p. 3973-80.
4. Quick, K.L., et al., A carboxyfullerene SOD mimetic improves cognition and extends the lifespan of mice.Neurobiol Aging, 2008. 29(1): p. 117-28.
5. Baati, T., et al., The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of [60]fullerene.Biomaterials, 2012. 33(19): p. 4936-46.
6. Ali, S.S., J.I. Hardt, and L.L. Dugan, SOD activity of carboxyfullerenes predicts their neuroprotective efficacy: a structure-activity study. Nanomedicine, 2008. 4(4): p. 283-94.
7. Dugan, L.L., et al., Fullerene-based antioxidants and neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2001. 7(3): p. 243-246.
8. Novikov, K.N., et al., Changes in chemiluminescence of whole blood of COPD patients treated with Hypoxen and effects of C(6)(0) fullerenes on blood chemiluminescence. Med Sci Monit, 2012. 18(2): p. BR76-83.
9. Dal Forno, G.O., et al., Intraperitoneal exposure to nano/microparticles of fullerene (C(6)(0)) increases acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Biomed Res Int, 2013. 2013: p. 623789.
10. Kamat, J.P., et al., Reactive oxygen species mediated membrane damage induced by fullerene derivatives and its possible biological implications. Toxicology, 2000. 155(1-3): p. 55-61.
11. Takahashi, M., et al., Sub-acute oral toxicity study with fullerene C60 in rats. J Toxicol Sci, 2012. 37(2): p. 353-61.

**igokcek** · 13 May 2017, 12:57

How Fullerene C60 Might Benefit the Brain
It is unclear whether C₆₀ benefits or protects the brain. A Russian laboratory has found that hydrated C₆₀ can protect against the buildup of beta-amyloid proteins, which are associated with Alzheimers disease [2]. Another study reports C₆₀ affects the brains neurotransmitter levels after it is injected into brain ventricles of mice [3]. The second study concluded that C₆₀ does not cross the blood-brain-barrier, suggesting that oral treatment would not affect the brain. However, there have also been several rodent studies that suggest that hydrated C₆₀ derivatives are neuroprotective and may enter into the brain through the bloodstream [4]. All of these studies were done in rodents so, even without these discrepancies, the effects of C₆₀ in humans remain untested.

Is It Safe When Used As Directed?
Unknown, given there is no evidence.
NOTE: This is not a comprehensive safety evaluation or complete list of potentially harmful drug interactions. It is important to discuss safety issues with your physician before taking any new supplement or medication. No scientific studies have examined the safety of C₆₀ in olive oil in humans. For hydrated C₆₀, we were able to find only one clinical study reporting on acute injection of C₆₀, with no discussion of dose or side effects [8]. It is not known whether C₆₀ has direct toxic effects or whether it may interact with other medications to cause adverse side effects or worsen existing medical conditions. Therefore, the safety of C₆₀ to humans is unknown.
In laboratory experiments on animalls, the evidence is mixed. Some studies report risks of oxidative damage and toxicity, particularly when cells were exposed to the photoexcited form of fullerene [1,9,10]. The photoexcited form of fullerene, C₆₀(OH)₁₈, damaged cell membranes in rat cells by binding and changing the chemical structure of lipids and proteins within the membranes [10). These studies were examining the safety of accidental environmental exposure to C₆₀ rather than possible effects from its use as a medical treatment. Other studies report antioxidant effects without any toxicity risks upon C₆₀ ingestion [1,4,5,11]. In one experiment, rats were fed daily doses of C₆₀ that ranged between 1 and 1000mg. The rats were found to have larger livers and spleens, but no damage from toxicity was observed [11]. However, humans and rats often respond differently to drugs and these animal studies have yet to be translated into human research.

If You Are Considering Taking Fullerene C60
C₆₀ has never been studied in humans. The safety is completely unknown and the evidence for potential benefits is restricted to a handful of unreplicated studies in rodents. C₆₀is not legally approved in the United States for human consumption.

What's the Future?
No current clinical trials are being conducted to examine fullerene C₆₀s capacity to increase lifespan or protect against neurodegenerative diseases. Fullerene C₆₀ is instead being examined for applications in nanotechnology. One ongoing study compares carbon nanotube x-ray imaging against conventional mammography as a method for diagnosing breast cancer (NCT01773850). Carbon nanotubes are also currently being tested as a means to diagnose lung cancer through breath analysis (NCT01420588). More information about these and other trials can be found at clinicaltrials.gov and at clinicaltrialsregister.eu.

References
1. Injac, R., M. Prijatelj, and B. Strukelj, Fullerenol nanoparticles: toxicity and antioxidant activity. Methods Mol Biol, 2013. 1028: p. 75-100.
2. Podol'skii, I., Z.A. Poddubnaia, and O.V. Godukhin, Fullerenes C60, antiamyloid action, the brain and cognitive processes. Biofizika, 2010. 55(1): p. 88-94.
3. Yamada, T., et al., Effects intracerebral microinjection and intraperitoneal injection of [60]fullerene on brain functions differ in rats. J Nanosci Nanotechnol, 2008. 8(8): p. 3973-80.
4. Quick, K.L., et al., A carboxyfullerene SOD mimetic improves cognition and extends the lifespan of mice.Neurobiol Aging, 2008. 29(1): p. 117-28.
5. Baati, T., et al., The prolongation of the lifespan of rats by repeated oral administration of [60]fullerene.Biomaterials, 2012. 33(19): p. 4936-46.
6. Ali, S.S., J.I. Hardt, and L.L. Dugan, SOD activity of carboxyfullerenes predicts their neuroprotective efficacy: a structure-activity study. Nanomedicine, 2008. 4(4): p. 283-94.
7. Dugan, L.L., et al., Fullerene-based antioxidants and neurodegenerative disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2001. 7(3): p. 243-246.
8. Novikov, K.N., et al., Changes in chemiluminescence of whole blood of COPD patients treated with Hypoxen and effects of C(6)(0) fullerenes on blood chemiluminescence. Med Sci Monit, 2012. 18(2): p. BR76-83.
9. Dal Forno, G.O., et al., Intraperitoneal exposure to nano/microparticles of fullerene (C(6)(0)) increases acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) brain. Biomed Res Int, 2013. 2013: p. 623789.
10. Kamat, J.P., et al., Reactive oxygen species mediated membrane damage induced by fullerene derivatives and its possible biological implications. Toxicology, 2000. 155(1-3): p. 55-61.
11. Takahashi, M., et al., Sub-acute oral toxicity study with fullerene C60 in rats. J Toxicol Sci, 2012. 37(2): p. 353-61.

**igokcek** · 13 May 2017, 12:57

**igokcek** · 13 May 2017, 12:58

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Carbon 60, Fulleren

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